Older Motorcyclists: Continuity or Change?
OFF THE WIRE
Older Motorcyclists: Continuity or Change? is a revised paper that was published by Francis D. Glamser in 1999. Despite being 15-years-old, it�s an excellent read and an eye opener to say the least: http://bmwdean.com/older.htm
An excerpt from that paper �
Conclusions
It appears that older motorcyclists are largely motorcyclists who have grown older. They began riding in an era when people didn�t have much money and motor scooters and motorbikes were seen as transportation in addition to being fun. Over the years their riding has ebbed and flowed in response to military, family and/or work responsibilities, but they usually returned. Now that they are older, better off financially, and have reduced responsibilities, they are riding more than ever. At a period in life when time is often an issue, they are taking their time enjoying the scenery and each other�s company. That they ride represents continuity; how they ride represents change.
Department of Anthropology and Sociology
store in a remote area is to run into an old timer who tells of his youthful misadventures with an Indian or Harley- Davidson motorcycle. He'll have a glint in his eye as he tells of his misspent youth, and he'll warn you that those things will kill you. At that point the rider agrees and says he'll be careful. Increasingly, however, the rider is a bit of an old timer himself or herself.
From 1980 to 1998 the median age of a motorcyclist in the United States increased from 24 to 38. In 1980 nearly 25% of riders were under 18. The figure for 1998 is less than 4%. Over the same period of time the total number of motorcycleregistrations has declined from its all time peak by about 30% (Motorcycle Industry Council, 1998).
This rather dramatic shift in the age of motorcyclists raises a number of questions. Are young people no longer attracted to motorcycles? Are middle-aged people coming to motorcycles for the first time, or are they simply riders who have grown old. If riders are growing older, what effect doesretirement have on their riding. How does motorcycling relate to the challenges of aging -- both physical and psychological? This research is an attempt to deal with some of these issues.
Gerontological theories provide some insight into these questions. Disengagement Theory would suggest that as people age they withdraw from the social roles of their youth as they become more preoccupied with self (Cumming and Henry, 1961). This doesn't seemto apply to older riders until serious health problems surface.
Activity Theory may be more relevant. It posits that people are most satisfied in old age if they can maintain the social roles of middle age and replace any lost roles (Cavan, 1962). Thus the rider who has been involved in motorcycles all his or her life will derive great satisfaction from being able to maintain that involvement. For others, taking up a new activity like riding may substitute for lost roles.
Continuity Theory tells us that people develop their personality across adulthood and they have coping strategies and preferences which are well-established by middle age (Atchley, 1989). In later life most people are engaged in things they have been doing for a lifetime. As long as external or internal change are not too great such as serious health orfinancial problems, most people will make necessary adjustments to minimize changes in their personal lifestyle and self concept. For a rider this may mean a more comfortable seat, better lighting or more frequent rest stops, but the essential aspects of riding remain.
Another theoretical perspective which may relate to older motorcyclists is that of high-risk recreation and sensation seeking. Some psychologists believe that human beings need a certain degree of stress in their lives to maintain sufficient levels of endorphins in the brain (Priest & Gass, 1997:42). The assumption is that this need varies from person to person and that if one's daily life does not provide enough stimulation, the individual is likely to seek out risk- takingactivities .
There is much evidence that the popularity of high-risk recreation activities such as hang-gliding, rock climbing, sky diving, and scuba diving has increased in recent years (Malkin & Rabinowitz, 1998). Generally, participants in such activities tend to be young, male, and middle class (Schrader & Wann, 1999). People of this description are likely to have safe and reasonably predictable daily lives and the resources to pursue leisure interests. As the normal risks of everyday life have been reduced by science, government, and personal injury lawyers, the average person is left with little real risk in daily living (Greenfield, 1999). Thus, motorcycling which is perceived as a risky activity may be particularly attractive to the middle aged or older person whose life has become too routine and too safe.
It is unlikely that there is any available social research on older motorcycle riders. What little written work there is tends to focus on "outlaw" bikers (Hopper and Moore, 1990; Thompson, 1967; Wolf, 1991) or is of a journalistic or literary nature (Pierson, 1997; Pirsig, 1974). One such account which appeared in a recent issue of Time Magazine (Grose, 1999) dealt specifically with the resurgence of interest among older riders in Britain. The author reports that there has been a boom in motorcycle sales largely fueled by middle-class prosperity and growing interest among older men. However, other than the periodic statistical portraits presented by the American Motorcyclist Association or the Motorcycle Industry Council, little is known about the ordinary motorcyclist.
The latest report from the Motorcycle Industry Council (1998) tells us that in addition to having a median age of 38, motorcyclists have a median annual income of $44,100, and they tend to be married (59%). Over 22% have finished college, and less than 12% have not finished high school. Beyond these kinds of demographics little is known.
The actual questionnaires were sent to respondents who volunteered for the study via e-mail. In all but a few cases the respondent inserted responses in the questionnaire and returned it via an e-mail reply. Respondents were also given the option of returning the questionnaire via fax or surface mail so they could share it with friends who were not comfortable using the computer.
This approach resulted in a sample size of 100 older motorcyclists who were overwhelmingly BMW riders (87/100), and who were serious riders. Riders of BMW motorcycles are known for long distance riding, camping and rally participation (Austin, 1999). They often own electric clothing to permit year 'round riding. Taken as a whole, the respondents owned an average of 2. 2 motorcycles each, rode an average (median) of 11,000 miles a year, and had been riding regularly for 25 years. These are clearly not people who own a motor scooter to putt around town or to take with their camper for local transportation. Thus, the sample is biased toward people who are committed motorcyclists.
The sample is geographically diverse with 30 states represented by the 95 Americans in the study. Five respondents were from other countries: Canada (2), Australia, South Africa, and Ireland. They were included because of the common cultural ties to Britain and the U.S. and the universality of the aging experience in industrial societies.
Respondents ranged in age from 50 to 70 with a median of 57. As would be expected from a computer literate population, education levels are quite high. All but 19 have at least finished college, and 39 have a graduate or professional degree. It is important to note, however, that most of the respondents did not come from privileged backgrounds. About half of the subjects reported living in a working class and/or poor household as a child, and only 12 reported coming from an upper-middle class or well-off family. Much of this can be explained by the economic growth and prosperity which have been part of the latter twentieth century. For children of the 30's and 40's, economic hard times were to be expected by most. All but 11 of the respondents are currently married, and only seven have no children. All but four of the respondents were males.
The questionnaire contained 34 open-ended questions about a wide range of topics such as motorcycle involvement over time, effects of aging and retirement on motorcycle-related perceptions and behavior, involvement in other leisure pursuits, various childhood experiences, and personal demographics.
A broad analysis of the data revealed four general patterns of motorcycle involvement across the life cycle. Almost 80% (79) of this sample of older riders owned their first motorbike, motor scooter, or motorcycle in childhood, adolescence or early adulthood. About half of these riders (40) continued their involvement with motorcycles across their adult life with minor breaks and varying intensity. The other half (39) had a major break in their riding at some point before returning. Another 13% owned their first bike between the ages of 30 and 44. The smallest number (8%) owned their first motorcycle from age 45 or older. These four patterns of motorcycle involvement provide a framework for analysis.
For these life long riders the first experience of operating a two wheeled motorized vehicle (motorbike, motor scooter, motorcycle) typically came at or before the age of 16. Somewhat frighteningly, this experience was most likely (18 of 37 reported) to occur on a recently purchased bike. In the "old days" the dealer or more likely the friend you bought a very used bike from would show you the controls and send you on your way. The second most likely source of the first ride (11 of 37) was a friend's bike or scooter. For many riders this is reported as the beginning of a life long addiction. Other sources of the first operation are a family member, a relative or a rental bike.
On average, first ownership of a motorbike, motor-scooter, or motorcycle came a little later. The median age of first ownership for these life long riders was 20. The vehicles purchased were fairly evenly divided between motor scooter/moped, small displacement motorcycle (<250cc) and larger motorcycle (>250cc). It is important to remember that in the era we are looking at, licensing laws were much looser, and money was much tighter. Many young people of the period were interested in motorbikes and motor scooters as affordable transportation. Readers over 50 will recognize the names Cushman, Whizzer, Lambretta and Vespa as manufacturers of motorbikes and scooters. Readers who started in the teen years often started on one of these.
Buying a used bike was the dream of many a young boy and given the technology of the day and the condition of the available machines, heavy involvement in maintenance and repair was a sure thing. As one of the respondents said "...ride a little, and wrench a lot." This early involvement in things mechanical was an important part of early socialization for these respondents.
Another historical factor beyond the need for cheap transportation is the military. In the era of the draft, military service was a common experience for many young Americans, and a number of respondents reported buying their first bike in the military, often far from home. A few dollars in the pocket and adequate distance from parents was often enough to trigger such a purchase.
The difficult question is what planted the seed? Why did young men of the day want motorcycles? Transportation was an important issue for many. Even many adults could not afford cars at the time. Countering the desire for transportation is the fact that many parents had very negative views of motorcycles- either because of the danger or the image. For youngsters the latter was a plus.
In response to a question on childhood exposure to motorcycles through friends, family, and relatives, the most frequent response in all four subgroups was essentially "little or none." About half the respondents fell into this category. For life long riders the other influences in order of frequency were friends, family member (usually older brother), relative, and neighbor.
The data presented in Table I may provide some insight into why some older riders started earlier than others or even why they were involved enough to avoid taking a long break from riding. The life long riders were more likely to have reported that they had a family member, relative or neighbor who had a motorcycle than the riders who took a long break or started later in life. This suggests that these riders were likely to have grown up among at least some people who accepted motorcycles than the riders who stopped riding for a while or started well into adulthood.
Although the life long riders have been involved in motorcycling for most of their adult life, most of them have had brief periods of up to a few years when they didn't have a bike, or their riding was severely curtailed. Conversely, there are times when riding can become more regular as the result of life events. It is as if the need or desire to ride is a constant which interacts with one's current situation to produce a given level of riding. The most frequently mentioned reasons for decreased riding and/or not having a bike can be categorized as "family demands." Respondents said words to the effect of being recently married, setting up a household, and/or having young children allowed little time for riding. This reduction appears to be more self-imposed than spouse imposed.
In a related vein, the second most frequently mentioned reason for reduced riding was financial pressures. This may cause someone to go without a bike for a while or to neglect to repair the one in the garage, but the net effect is no riding for a few years.
Involvement in other leisure pursuits can also reduce riding involvement. A few respondents mentioned sailing or flying as time and money consuming activities which leave insufficient resources for riding.
Some situations and life events can increase one's involvement in riding. The most frequently mentioned event was retirement which translates into more free time from which to select riding times and fewer family responsibilities. The impact of retirement will be discussed later with respect to the total sample.
Other events which were reported to increase riding activity were divorce and children leaving home. Both of these changes involve a reduction in daily obligations to others and more time for personal pursuits.
It also appears that the riders who had a long break in their motorcycle involvement were much more affected by competing demands on time and resources. The data in Table 2 show the number of respondents who reported their riding being reduced or stopped by work demands, family demands, financial pressures and other hobbies. What they don't show is whether the long break riders really did have greater competing demands placed upon them, or if riding was a lower priority in the first place. Some combination of these two explanations is also possible.
A partial answer may be provided by looking at the educational levels of the two groups as presented in Table 3. The comparison of interest is between the lifelong and long break riders. Although the two groups come from similar educational and economic backgrounds, the riders who took an extended break from riding are much more likely to have finished college and to have advanced degrees. Beyond the demands of school work, it is likely that the careers associated with higher levels of education are more demanding as well. This interpretation supports the greater competing demands explanation for the break in riding. Now that these riders are older, there is no difference in the average number of miles they ride each year (median = 11,000). In fact, among riders reporting 25,000 miles or more a year, the long break riders outnumber the life long riders by seven to two. Perhaps they are making up for lost time.
When asked for the major factors which accounted for their return to riding, these riders were most likely to say that they finally had some extra money. Additionally important were more time, missing it, and having one's kids grown up. Some of the explanations are very individualistic or even accidental. One respondent said the gas crisis got him riding again, and he was reminded how much fun it was. A few subjects said a friend talked them into it, while others lost interest in another hobby.
The following quote from one rider who quit for 22 years covers many of the more common explanations:
"...career was also way too busy and with little kids and a mortgage, no time or dollars for mc's. Lots of other hobbies took precedence during that time period...time is available for me now...the financial part is also well settled."
Another respondent tells a similar story:
"Marriage, children, chasing the almighty dollar, etc. plus a general lack of any particular interest kept me off bikes for the better part of 30 years. While riding my road bicycle with friends in the fall of '94 passed by a local [motorcycle] shop, stopped for water, and the rest is history. Impulse buy some three weeks later and hooked ever since."
Whatever the proximate cause of the return to riding, the decision often has an emotional aspect. Whether it is an attempt to revisit one's youth or get over a bad divorce, riding is not wholly rational. One rider's story is illustrative:
"I had recently lost my 18 year old son by my first marriage to leukemia, had been divorced from my second wife for a couple of years... My son had been an avid motorcycle enthusiast... repairing most everyone's bike in town, and a cautious rider - would not allow me to try out a 500cc Triumph on the mountain until he checked me out on how to operate it and insisted I wear a helmet... I wanted to travel up into the Sierra Mountains from the Bay Area [so] I bought a Kawasaki 900 Z1 and began an addiction with touring by motorcycle from that day forward. I also felt that I was doing what my son would love to have done could he have lived long enough. So, in a way I was doing it for him as well as for myself."
Sometimes the decision to get back into riding can be part of the beginning of a whole new approach to life:
"At about age 55 I found myself with no hobbies except the computer, no real friends that I liked to do things with, didn't care about golf, hunting, & fishing which everyone else around here seems to do. And I was drinking too much... I had casually thought about MC's but never really seriously until I went skiing... during that trip we went on an all day ski mobile tour... That was the turning point. The open air, spirit of adventure, and camaraderie of the group really turned me on. As soon as we got back I went to a BMW dealer... The next week I bought a R1100GS and life hasn't been the same since... It has turned out to be the perfect hobby for me. I enjoy it as much as anything I have ever done."
On average these adult starters first operated a motorcycle at the age of 32 and they first owned one at the age of 36. As noted earlier, this compares with an age of first motorcycle operation of 16 for the lifelong and long break riders. Only two of the late start riders had operated a motorcycle prior to the age of 20. Their median annual mileage is 9,000.
Thus, a major factor in the late start for these riders is a very limited exposure to motorcycles early in life. The actual impetus for beginning to ride varied greatly from rider to rider. The most frequent (4) explanation given was being able to afford it financially. One person said he was bored, while another said something about it attracted him. One rider saw motorcycling as a major turning point: "Needed to be alive ... to find the confidence that was somewhere inside of me ... to finally experience life first hand ...."
Some of the reasons for beginning in adulthood are more mundane. One respondent who had arthritis bought a bike so he could park close to the door at work and not have to walk across the parking lot. Another bought a bike to commute to work. In both cases they now ride for pleasure as well.
Why someone would take up motorcycling near the age of 50 is a good question. In most cases these people had always been aware of motorcycles, but had too many responsibilities or were too conventional to consider it. At some point they were pushed over the edge. Some quotes are instructive:
"Lots of high school friends had scooters or motorbikes. Never rode myself, but drooled regularly over Sears Catalog pictures. Read 'Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance' at the age of about 47 or so, and it hit me that I wanted a mc" ... "I was near 49 years of age when I first operated a mc."
"... for 10 years or so I'd always kinda look wistfully at guys riding by on bikes. It looked like something I'd really like to do. Finally last year, I just did it [at age 55]."
"Always had an interest, and drooled over a Triumph T120R in college. Periodically bought motorcycle magazines through the years ... For me, and my wife, it was a question of doing what I was interested in doing and not looking back still later in life and saying 'I wish I had tried....'"
"Early forties had a few friends that had bikes and I always seemed to envy them... then at about age 58 when the children were grown and responsibilities were changing, I asked my wife if I could buy a bike."
"While the circumstances of life prevented me, I always, in the back of my mind, had considered owning a motorcycle... If anything, I regretted that I had not started sooner."
In only one case did the decision to ride appear to come out of nowhere:
"Never felt any interest in motorcycles and then all of a sudden, circumstances overwhelmingly made it a sudden passion ... significant frustrations at home and at work drove me to seek out a challenge removed from both that would give me a sense of renewal ... Riding and getting prepared to ride have re-awakened parts of my brain and body that have been long-dormant or under-utilized."
I have already discussed how childhood exposure to motorcycles via family, relatives, friends and neighbors was related to when people began riding and how attached to riding they were. Beyond this, respondents were asked if their childhood experience was any different than that of other children.
Although slightly more than half the sample reported that their childhood was no different than that of others at the time, quite a few respondents said they were different. These differences seemed to fall into three related categories: 1. Being a loner to some extent. 2. Being intellectually oriented. 3. Enjoying mechanical things. Motorcycling can be a very solitary experience which allows for a great deal of contemplation and which involves a relationship between rider and machine. Being a loner and being intellectually oriented seemed to go hand in hand in childhood. Many of these riders explicitly reported being a loner as a child while others implied the same by saying things like they read a lot, practiced the piano for long hours, enjoyed classical music, enjoyed science, were good at academics, or were an independent thinker.
The idea of social isolation can also be seen in such reports as living or an isolated ranch or farm, losing a parent to death, moving a lot as a child, or not dating much. Being interested in motors and mechanical things as was reported by six respondents also ties in with being comfortable working alone.
Another childhood experience that may be over-represented among these older riders is that of being first born. The average number of children in the families these respondents grew up in was 3.1, which means that the probability of being the first born was approximately one in three. In fact, 63% of the sample was the first child in their family. First born children tend to be more competitive and achievement oriented than later born children and they tend to be more intelligent (Belmont & Marolla, 1973). How this relates to motorcycling is unclear. In fact there is some evidence that first born children are less likely to engage in high risk sports than their siblings (Yiannakis, 1976).
The second largest category of response would be "I accept the risk but I don't dwell on it." Part of this acceptance is related to a lessened fear of death that comes with maturity and experience. In one rider's words:
"I am more aware of the risks now, but less worried about them. The end of my life is approaching. I know that I would rather die quickly in a violent motorcycle crash than slowly from disease or old age on a hospital bed. If I die, I die. In global terms it means nothing."
This awareness of a possible protracted death in old age was shared by many respondents. In another rider's words:
"Well, if I get killed, it is better doing something I love than fading away from Alzheimers or in a nursing home... and my riding experience has taught me what to look for, and what to do in a situation."
The last part of the quote expresses a common sentiment. People accept the risk but they try to manage it. Another rider combines these ideas very well:
"I was a jet pilot in the Air Force during Viet Nam. I learned to accept death at an early age. I also learned how not to be stupid."
Aiding the acceptance of risk is an awareness that one has lived a good part of one's life and has done what needs to be done. Children have been raised, careers have been largely completed, and community obligations have been reduced. This rider expresses that viewpoint well:
"I have had a good life, a successful career and I'm not afraid of death. I'm living each day and riding as safely as possible."
The final category of responses can be labeled fatalistic. A few riders have the view that when your number is up, it's up. As one rider put it:
"We are not immortal; many of my friends are already dead. If I expire enjoying myself, so be it."
In what appears to be a lighter vein, but essentially the same perspective is the following:
"The same way I deal with driving a car or stepping into the shower, it's a gamble. I could die of a heart attack watching Jerry Springer on TV!"
Somewhat surprisingly a number of retirees reported having more money available for riding than had previously been the case. Given that most people do not earn more money in retirement than when they were employed, this probably reflects a reduction in family responsibilities. On the other hand, two respondents indicated that they had to be more careful with motorcycle expenditures because of reduced income.
However, some interpretation is required. As many riders pointed out, the motorcycles of today are vastly more comfortable and reliable than the bikes of the 1950's and 1960's. Many of these modern machines have excellent suspensions, heated hand grips, custom-made seats and adjustable windscreens. Similarly, the clothing and helmets worn by riders today provide excellent protection from wind, rain, cold and noise. The net effect of these changes is that covering lots of miles is much less physically taxing than in an earlier era.
While many of the older riders reported being generally unaffected by physical changes, most were aware of declining capacity. The most common categories of problems were strength, endurance, vision, orthopedic problems, and reaction time.
Awareness of diminishing strength was usually presented in terms of being less able to pick up a fallen bike or to hold one up which was falling over. A few riders expressed the need for a lighter or lower bike than they would prefer.
Endurance for these riders refers to the ability to cover great distances in a day and to repeat the process the next day. In one rider's words, "I cannot do the 500/600 miles a day like I used to be able to do ... 300 miles a day is more to my liking now." Or as another rider who was concerned about the safety ramifications of fatigue said, "I am shameless about stopping/taking breaks." Older riders simply make adjustments in their riding styles to remain involved.
Vision problems usually relate to declining night vision and the need for corrective lenses. Night vision is much more critical on a motorcycle than in a car, because of the greater threat to personal safety posed by road debris and wildlife. Older riders compensate by adding powerful accessory lights to their machines and by curtailing night riding. Bifocals are necessary because of the need to read instruments and maps. People complain, but they keep riding.
Orthopedic complaints are very common among older riders with knees and hips being mentioned most frequently and backs being third. The normal riding position on a motorcycle requires substantially more knee and hip flexion than automobile driving. Because of arthritis and general joint deterioration, holding this position for an extended period of time can be painful. Older riders compensate by switching to bikes with a less sporty, more upright seating position, better seats, and over the counter pain killers. A retired long distance rider I know rides with two artificial knees.
A number of these older riders are aware that their reflexes and reaction times aren't what they used to be, so they compensate by being more cautious, slowing down a bit, taking training courses, and wearing better protective equipment.
Beyond physical changes, the respondents were asked how being older had affected their appreciation of riding. The most common response was that they enjoyed the scenery and environment more than when they were young. They now take the time to stop and smell the roses. In the words of one rider:
"I love to plan my touring routes for scenic value. I love mountains and forests. When riding vigorously I will often turn around and retrace a 30-40 mile stretch of road just to drink in the beauty of the scenery at a more sedate pace."
The idea of not being in a hurry was a common theme for many older riders. One sixty-seven year old rider explained why he wanted to enjoy the moment: "As an older rider you have to face the very real possibility that each ride may very well be your last, so you savor them more."
Another change that was associated with aging for these riders was a greater appreciation of the fellowship and camaraderie of motorcycling. Paradoxically, riding is a solitary, even lonely activity. Serious riders enjoy the contemplation and solitude that riding allows. And yet these people ride great distances alone to meet with fellow riders. In one rider's words: "There is very little competition for acceptance or social status. The ride and rally lifestyle is usually a pleasant experience." Or as another rider said, "We're at a point in our lives where we realize that friends are one of the most important parts of life."
Table I
Childhood Exposure To Motorcycles
Table 2
Factors Affecting Riding Involvement
Table 3
Education Level by Group
Austin, D. Mark. 1999. "A mobile recreational community: the world of the touring motorcyclist." Paper presented at the Mid-South Sociological Association. October. Jackson, Mississippi.
Belmont, Lillian and Francis A. Marolla. 1973. "Birth Order, family size, and intelligence." Science, 182: 1096-1101.
Cavan, Ruth S. 1962. "Self and role in adjustment during old age, " in A.M. Rose (ed.), Human Behavior and Social Processes. Boston: Houghton Miffin, 526-534.
Cumming, Elaine, and William E. Henry. 1961. Growing Old : The Process of Disengagement . New York: Basic Books.
Greenfeld, Karl T. 1999. "Life on the edge." Time. September 6. 28-36
Grose, Thomas K. 1999. "Old and in the way." U.S. News & World Report. October 11. 49.
Hopper, Columbus B., and Johnny Moore. 1990. "Women in motorcycle gangs." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 18:363-387.
Malkin, Marjorie and Erik Rabinowitz. 1998. "Sensation seeking and high-risk recreation." Parks & Recreation 33.7:34-39.
Motorcycle Industry Council. 1998. Motorcycle Statistical Annual. Irvine, California.
Pierson, Melissa Holbrook. 1997. The Perfect Vehicle: What It Is About Motorcycles. NY: Norton.
Pirsig, Robert M. 1974. Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance. NY: Bantam.
Priest, Simon and Michael A. Gass. 1997. Effective Leadership in Adventure Programming. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
Schrader, Michael P. and Daniel L. Wann. 1999. "High risk recreation: the relationship between participant characteristics and degree of involvement." Journal of Sport Behavior 22.2: 426-442.
Thompson, Hunter S. 1967. Hell's Angels: A Strange and Terrible Saga. NY: Ballantine.
Wolf, Daniel R. 1991. The Rebels: A Brotherhood of Outlaw Bikers. Toronto: University of Toronto.
Yiannakis, Andrew. 1976. "Birth order and preference for dangerous sports among males." Research Quarterly 47 (March): 62-67.
Older Motorcyclists: Continuity or Change? is a revised paper that was published by Francis D. Glamser in 1999. Despite being 15-years-old, it�s an excellent read and an eye opener to say the least: http://bmwdean.com/older.htm
An excerpt from that paper �
Conclusions
It appears that older motorcyclists are largely motorcyclists who have grown older. They began riding in an era when people didn�t have much money and motor scooters and motorbikes were seen as transportation in addition to being fun. Over the years their riding has ebbed and flowed in response to military, family and/or work responsibilities, but they usually returned. Now that they are older, better off financially, and have reduced responsibilities, they are riding more than ever. At a period in life when time is often an issue, they are taking their time enjoying the scenery and each other�s company. That they ride represents continuity; how they ride represents change.
Older Motorcyclists: Continuity or Change?
Francis D. Glamser
Department of Anthropology and Sociology
The University of Southern Mississippi
Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406 Revision of a paper presented at the annual meeting of the
Mid South Sociological Association
Jackson, Mississippi, November 1999
From 1980 to 1998 the median age of a motorcyclist in the United States increased from 24 to 38. In 1980 nearly 25% of riders were under 18. The figure for 1998 is less than 4%. Over the same period of time the total number of motorcycle
This rather dramatic shift in the age of motorcyclists raises a number of questions. Are young people no longer attracted to motorcycles? Are middle-aged people coming to motorcycles for the first time, or are they simply riders who have grown old. If riders are growing older, what effect does
Gerontological theories provide some insight into these questions. Disengagement Theory would suggest that as people age they withdraw from the social roles of their youth as they become more preoccupied with self (Cumming and Henry, 1961). This doesn't seem
Activity Theory may be more relevant. It posits that people are most satisfied in old age if they can maintain the social roles of middle age and replace any lost roles (Cavan, 1962). Thus the rider who has been involved in motorcycles all his or her life will derive great satisfaction from being able to maintain that involvement. For others, taking up a new activity like riding may substitute for lost roles.
Continuity Theory tells us that people develop their personality across adulthood and they have coping strategies and preferences which are well-established by middle age (Atchley, 1989). In later life most people are engaged in things they have been doing for a lifetime. As long as external or internal change are not too great such as serious health or
Another theoretical perspective which may relate to older motorcyclists is that of high-risk recreation and sensation seeking. Some psychologists believe that human beings need a certain degree of stress in their lives to maintain sufficient levels of endorphins in the brain (Priest & Gass, 1997:42). The assumption is that this need varies from person to person and that if one's daily life does not provide enough stimulation, the individual is likely to seek out risk- taking
There is much evidence that the popularity of high-risk recreation activities such as hang-gliding, rock climbing, sky diving, and scuba diving has increased in recent years (Malkin & Rabinowitz, 1998). Generally, participants in such activities tend to be young, male, and middle class (Schrader & Wann, 1999). People of this description are likely to have safe and reasonably predictable daily lives and the resources to pursue leisure interests. As the normal risks of everyday life have been reduced by science, government, and personal injury lawyers, the average person is left with little real risk in daily living (Greenfield, 1999). Thus, motorcycling which is perceived as a risky activity may be particularly attractive to the middle aged or older person whose life has become too routine and too safe.
It is unlikely that there is any available social research on older motorcycle riders. What little written work there is tends to focus on "outlaw" bikers (Hopper and Moore, 1990; Thompson, 1967; Wolf, 1991) or is of a journalistic or literary nature (Pierson, 1997; Pirsig, 1974). One such account which appeared in a recent issue of Time Magazine (Grose, 1999) dealt specifically with the resurgence of interest among older riders in Britain. The author reports that there has been a boom in motorcycle sales largely fueled by middle-class prosperity and growing interest among older men. However, other than the periodic statistical portraits presented by the American Motorcyclist Association or the Motorcycle Industry Council, little is known about the ordinary motorcyclist.
The latest report from the Motorcycle Industry Council (1998) tells us that in addition to having a median age of 38, motorcyclists have a median annual income of $44,100, and they tend to be married (59%). Over 22% have finished college, and less than 12% have not finished high school. Beyond these kinds of demographics little is known.
Method
The actual questionnaires were sent to respondents who volunteered for the study via e-mail. In all but a few cases the respondent inserted responses in the questionnaire and returned it via an e-mail reply. Respondents were also given the option of returning the questionnaire via fax or surface mail so they could share it with friends who were not comfortable using the computer.
This approach resulted in a sample size of 100 older motorcyclists who were overwhelmingly BMW riders (87/100), and who were serious riders. Riders of BMW motorcycles are known for long distance riding, camping and rally participation (Austin, 1999). They often own electric clothing to permit year 'round riding. Taken as a whole, the respondents owned an average of 2. 2 motorcycles each, rode an average (median) of 11,000 miles a year, and had been riding regularly for 25 years. These are clearly not people who own a motor scooter to putt around town or to take with their camper for local transportation. Thus, the sample is biased toward people who are committed motorcyclists.
The sample is geographically diverse with 30 states represented by the 95 Americans in the study. Five respondents were from other countries: Canada (2), Australia, South Africa, and Ireland. They were included because of the common cultural ties to Britain and the U.S. and the universality of the aging experience in industrial societies.
Respondents ranged in age from 50 to 70 with a median of 57. As would be expected from a computer literate population, education levels are quite high. All but 19 have at least finished college, and 39 have a graduate or professional degree. It is important to note, however, that most of the respondents did not come from privileged backgrounds. About half of the subjects reported living in a working class and/or poor household as a child, and only 12 reported coming from an upper-middle class or well-off family. Much of this can be explained by the economic growth and prosperity which have been part of the latter twentieth century. For children of the 30's and 40's, economic hard times were to be expected by most. All but 11 of the respondents are currently married, and only seven have no children. All but four of the respondents were males.
The questionnaire contained 34 open-ended questions about a wide range of topics such as motorcycle involvement over time, effects of aging and retirement on motorcycle-related perceptions and behavior, involvement in other leisure pursuits, various childhood experiences, and personal demographics.
A broad analysis of the data revealed four general patterns of motorcycle involvement across the life cycle. Almost 80% (79) of this sample of older riders owned their first motorbike, motor scooter, or motorcycle in childhood, adolescence or early adulthood. About half of these riders (40) continued their involvement with motorcycles across their adult life with minor breaks and varying intensity. The other half (39) had a major break in their riding at some point before returning. Another 13% owned their first bike between the ages of 30 and 44. The smallest number (8%) owned their first motorcycle from age 45 or older. These four patterns of motorcycle involvement provide a framework for analysis.
Life Long Riders
For these life long riders the first experience of operating a two wheeled motorized vehicle (motorbike, motor scooter, motorcycle) typically came at or before the age of 16. Somewhat frighteningly, this experience was most likely (18 of 37 reported) to occur on a recently purchased bike. In the "old days" the dealer or more likely the friend you bought a very used bike from would show you the controls and send you on your way. The second most likely source of the first ride (11 of 37) was a friend's bike or scooter. For many riders this is reported as the beginning of a life long addiction. Other sources of the first operation are a family member, a relative or a rental bike.
On average, first ownership of a motorbike, motor-scooter, or motorcycle came a little later. The median age of first ownership for these life long riders was 20. The vehicles purchased were fairly evenly divided between motor scooter/moped, small displacement motorcycle (<250cc) and larger motorcycle (>250cc). It is important to remember that in the era we are looking at, licensing laws were much looser, and money was much tighter. Many young people of the period were interested in motorbikes and motor scooters as affordable transportation. Readers over 50 will recognize the names Cushman, Whizzer, Lambretta and Vespa as manufacturers of motorbikes and scooters. Readers who started in the teen years often started on one of these.
Buying a used bike was the dream of many a young boy and given the technology of the day and the condition of the available machines, heavy involvement in maintenance and repair was a sure thing. As one of the respondents said "...ride a little, and wrench a lot." This early involvement in things mechanical was an important part of early socialization for these respondents.
Another historical factor beyond the need for cheap transportation is the military. In the era of the draft, military service was a common experience for many young Americans, and a number of respondents reported buying their first bike in the military, often far from home. A few dollars in the pocket and adequate distance from parents was often enough to trigger such a purchase.
The difficult question is what planted the seed? Why did young men of the day want motorcycles? Transportation was an important issue for many. Even many adults could not afford cars at the time. Countering the desire for transportation is the fact that many parents had very negative views of motorcycles- either because of the danger or the image. For youngsters the latter was a plus.
In response to a question on childhood exposure to motorcycles through friends, family, and relatives, the most frequent response in all four subgroups was essentially "little or none." About half the respondents fell into this category. For life long riders the other influences in order of frequency were friends, family member (usually older brother), relative, and neighbor.
The data presented in Table I may provide some insight into why some older riders started earlier than others or even why they were involved enough to avoid taking a long break from riding. The life long riders were more likely to have reported that they had a family member, relative or neighbor who had a motorcycle than the riders who took a long break or started later in life. This suggests that these riders were likely to have grown up among at least some people who accepted motorcycles than the riders who stopped riding for a while or started well into adulthood.
Although the life long riders have been involved in motorcycling for most of their adult life, most of them have had brief periods of up to a few years when they didn't have a bike, or their riding was severely curtailed. Conversely, there are times when riding can become more regular as the result of life events. It is as if the need or desire to ride is a constant which interacts with one's current situation to produce a given level of riding. The most frequently mentioned reasons for decreased riding and/or not having a bike can be categorized as "family demands." Respondents said words to the effect of being recently married, setting up a household, and/or having young children allowed little time for riding. This reduction appears to be more self-imposed than spouse imposed.
In a related vein, the second most frequently mentioned reason for reduced riding was financial pressures. This may cause someone to go without a bike for a while or to neglect to repair the one in the garage, but the net effect is no riding for a few years.
Involvement in other leisure pursuits can also reduce riding involvement. A few respondents mentioned sailing or flying as time and money consuming activities which leave insufficient resources for riding.
Some situations and life events can increase one's involvement in riding. The most frequently mentioned event was retirement which translates into more free time from which to select riding times and fewer family responsibilities. The impact of retirement will be discussed later with respect to the total sample.
Other events which were reported to increase riding activity were divorce and children leaving home. Both of these changes involve a reduction in daily obligations to others and more time for personal pursuits.
Riders Who Returned
It also appears that the riders who had a long break in their motorcycle involvement were much more affected by competing demands on time and resources. The data in Table 2 show the number of respondents who reported their riding being reduced or stopped by work demands, family demands, financial pressures and other hobbies. What they don't show is whether the long break riders really did have greater competing demands placed upon them, or if riding was a lower priority in the first place. Some combination of these two explanations is also possible.
A partial answer may be provided by looking at the educational levels of the two groups as presented in Table 3. The comparison of interest is between the lifelong and long break riders. Although the two groups come from similar educational and economic backgrounds, the riders who took an extended break from riding are much more likely to have finished college and to have advanced degrees. Beyond the demands of school work, it is likely that the careers associated with higher levels of education are more demanding as well. This interpretation supports the greater competing demands explanation for the break in riding. Now that these riders are older, there is no difference in the average number of miles they ride each year (median = 11,000). In fact, among riders reporting 25,000 miles or more a year, the long break riders outnumber the life long riders by seven to two. Perhaps they are making up for lost time.
When asked for the major factors which accounted for their return to riding, these riders were most likely to say that they finally had some extra money. Additionally important were more time, missing it, and having one's kids grown up. Some of the explanations are very individualistic or even accidental. One respondent said the gas crisis got him riding again, and he was reminded how much fun it was. A few subjects said a friend talked them into it, while others lost interest in another hobby.
The following quote from one rider who quit for 22 years covers many of the more common explanations:
"...career was also way too busy and with little kids and a mortgage, no time or dollars for mc's. Lots of other hobbies took precedence during that time period...time is available for me now...the financial part is also well settled."
Another respondent tells a similar story:
"Marriage, children, chasing the almighty dollar, etc. plus a general lack of any particular interest kept me off bikes for the better part of 30 years. While riding my road bicycle with friends in the fall of '94 passed by a local [motorcycle] shop, stopped for water, and the rest is history. Impulse buy some three weeks later and hooked ever since."
Whatever the proximate cause of the return to riding, the decision often has an emotional aspect. Whether it is an attempt to revisit one's youth or get over a bad divorce, riding is not wholly rational. One rider's story is illustrative:
"I had recently lost my 18 year old son by my first marriage to leukemia, had been divorced from my second wife for a couple of years... My son had been an avid motorcycle enthusiast... repairing most everyone's bike in town, and a cautious rider - would not allow me to try out a 500cc Triumph on the mountain until he checked me out on how to operate it and insisted I wear a helmet... I wanted to travel up into the Sierra Mountains from the Bay Area [so] I bought a Kawasaki 900 Z1 and began an addiction with touring by motorcycle from that day forward. I also felt that I was doing what my son would love to have done could he have lived long enough. So, in a way I was doing it for him as well as for myself."
Sometimes the decision to get back into riding can be part of the beginning of a whole new approach to life:
"At about age 55 I found myself with no hobbies except the computer, no real friends that I liked to do things with, didn't care about golf, hunting, & fishing which everyone else around here seems to do. And I was drinking too much... I had casually thought about MC's but never really seriously until I went skiing... during that trip we went on an all day ski mobile tour... That was the turning point. The open air, spirit of adventure, and camaraderie of the group really turned me on. As soon as we got back I went to a BMW dealer... The next week I bought a R1100GS and life hasn't been the same since... It has turned out to be the perfect hobby for me. I enjoy it as much as anything I have ever done."
Adult Starters
On average these adult starters first operated a motorcycle at the age of 32 and they first owned one at the age of 36. As noted earlier, this compares with an age of first motorcycle operation of 16 for the lifelong and long break riders. Only two of the late start riders had operated a motorcycle prior to the age of 20. Their median annual mileage is 9,000.
Thus, a major factor in the late start for these riders is a very limited exposure to motorcycles early in life. The actual impetus for beginning to ride varied greatly from rider to rider. The most frequent (4) explanation given was being able to afford it financially. One person said he was bored, while another said something about it attracted him. One rider saw motorcycling as a major turning point: "Needed to be alive ... to find the confidence that was somewhere inside of me ... to finally experience life first hand ...."
Some of the reasons for beginning in adulthood are more mundane. One respondent who had arthritis bought a bike so he could park close to the door at work and not have to walk across the parking lot. Another bought a bike to commute to work. In both cases they now ride for pleasure as well.
Late Starters
Why someone would take up motorcycling near the age of 50 is a good question. In most cases these people had always been aware of motorcycles, but had too many responsibilities or were too conventional to consider it. At some point they were pushed over the edge. Some quotes are instructive:
"Lots of high school friends had scooters or motorbikes. Never rode myself, but drooled regularly over Sears Catalog pictures. Read 'Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance' at the age of about 47 or so, and it hit me that I wanted a mc" ... "I was near 49 years of age when I first operated a mc."
"... for 10 years or so I'd always kinda look wistfully at guys riding by on bikes. It looked like something I'd really like to do. Finally last year, I just did it [at age 55]."
"Always had an interest, and drooled over a Triumph T120R in college. Periodically bought motorcycle magazines through the years ... For me, and my wife, it was a question of doing what I was interested in doing and not looking back still later in life and saying 'I wish I had tried....'"
"Early forties had a few friends that had bikes and I always seemed to envy them... then at about age 58 when the children were grown and responsibilities were changing, I asked my wife if I could buy a bike."
"While the circumstances of life prevented me, I always, in the back of my mind, had considered owning a motorcycle... If anything, I regretted that I had not started sooner."
In only one case did the decision to ride appear to come out of nowhere:
"Never felt any interest in motorcycles and then all of a sudden, circumstances overwhelmingly made it a sudden passion ... significant frustrations at home and at work drove me to seek out a challenge removed from both that would give me a sense of renewal ... Riding and getting prepared to ride have re-awakened parts of my brain and body that have been long-dormant or under-utilized."
Childhood Predictors
I have already discussed how childhood exposure to motorcycles via family, relatives, friends and neighbors was related to when people began riding and how attached to riding they were. Beyond this, respondents were asked if their childhood experience was any different than that of other children.
Although slightly more than half the sample reported that their childhood was no different than that of others at the time, quite a few respondents said they were different. These differences seemed to fall into three related categories: 1. Being a loner to some extent. 2. Being intellectually oriented. 3. Enjoying mechanical things. Motorcycling can be a very solitary experience which allows for a great deal of contemplation and which involves a relationship between rider and machine. Being a loner and being intellectually oriented seemed to go hand in hand in childhood. Many of these riders explicitly reported being a loner as a child while others implied the same by saying things like they read a lot, practiced the piano for long hours, enjoyed classical music, enjoyed science, were good at academics, or were an independent thinker.
The idea of social isolation can also be seen in such reports as living or an isolated ranch or farm, losing a parent to death, moving a lot as a child, or not dating much. Being interested in motors and mechanical things as was reported by six respondents also ties in with being comfortable working alone.
Another childhood experience that may be over-represented among these older riders is that of being first born. The average number of children in the families these respondents grew up in was 3.1, which means that the probability of being the first born was approximately one in three. In fact, 63% of the sample was the first child in their family. First born children tend to be more competitive and achievement oriented than later born children and they tend to be more intelligent (Belmont & Marolla, 1973). How this relates to motorcycling is unclear. In fact there is some evidence that first born children are less likely to engage in high risk sports than their siblings (Yiannakis, 1976).
Personal Safety
The second largest category of response would be "I accept the risk but I don't dwell on it." Part of this acceptance is related to a lessened fear of death that comes with maturity and experience. In one rider's words:
"I am more aware of the risks now, but less worried about them. The end of my life is approaching. I know that I would rather die quickly in a violent motorcycle crash than slowly from disease or old age on a hospital bed. If I die, I die. In global terms it means nothing."
This awareness of a possible protracted death in old age was shared by many respondents. In another rider's words:
"Well, if I get killed, it is better doing something I love than fading away from Alzheimers or in a nursing home... and my riding experience has taught me what to look for, and what to do in a situation."
The last part of the quote expresses a common sentiment. People accept the risk but they try to manage it. Another rider combines these ideas very well:
"I was a jet pilot in the Air Force during Viet Nam. I learned to accept death at an early age. I also learned how not to be stupid."
Aiding the acceptance of risk is an awareness that one has lived a good part of one's life and has done what needs to be done. Children have been raised, careers have been largely completed, and community obligations have been reduced. This rider expresses that viewpoint well:
"I have had a good life, a successful career and I'm not afraid of death. I'm living each day and riding as safely as possible."
The final category of responses can be labeled fatalistic. A few riders have the view that when your number is up, it's up. As one rider put it:
"We are not immortal; many of my friends are already dead. If I expire enjoying myself, so be it."
In what appears to be a lighter vein, but essentially the same perspective is the following:
"The same way I deal with driving a car or stepping into the shower, it's a gamble. I could die of a heart attack watching Jerry Springer on TV!"
Effects of Retirement
Somewhat surprisingly a number of retirees reported having more money available for riding than had previously been the case. Given that most people do not earn more money in retirement than when they were employed, this probably reflects a reduction in family responsibilities. On the other hand, two respondents indicated that they had to be more careful with motorcycle expenditures because of reduced income.
Effects of Aging
However, some interpretation is required. As many riders pointed out, the motorcycles of today are vastly more comfortable and reliable than the bikes of the 1950's and 1960's. Many of these modern machines have excellent suspensions, heated hand grips, custom-made seats and adjustable windscreens. Similarly, the clothing and helmets worn by riders today provide excellent protection from wind, rain, cold and noise. The net effect of these changes is that covering lots of miles is much less physically taxing than in an earlier era.
While many of the older riders reported being generally unaffected by physical changes, most were aware of declining capacity. The most common categories of problems were strength, endurance, vision, orthopedic problems, and reaction time.
Awareness of diminishing strength was usually presented in terms of being less able to pick up a fallen bike or to hold one up which was falling over. A few riders expressed the need for a lighter or lower bike than they would prefer.
Endurance for these riders refers to the ability to cover great distances in a day and to repeat the process the next day. In one rider's words, "I cannot do the 500/600 miles a day like I used to be able to do ... 300 miles a day is more to my liking now." Or as another rider who was concerned about the safety ramifications of fatigue said, "I am shameless about stopping/taking breaks." Older riders simply make adjustments in their riding styles to remain involved.
Vision problems usually relate to declining night vision and the need for corrective lenses. Night vision is much more critical on a motorcycle than in a car, because of the greater threat to personal safety posed by road debris and wildlife. Older riders compensate by adding powerful accessory lights to their machines and by curtailing night riding. Bifocals are necessary because of the need to read instruments and maps. People complain, but they keep riding.
Orthopedic complaints are very common among older riders with knees and hips being mentioned most frequently and backs being third. The normal riding position on a motorcycle requires substantially more knee and hip flexion than automobile driving. Because of arthritis and general joint deterioration, holding this position for an extended period of time can be painful. Older riders compensate by switching to bikes with a less sporty, more upright seating position, better seats, and over the counter pain killers. A retired long distance rider I know rides with two artificial knees.
A number of these older riders are aware that their reflexes and reaction times aren't what they used to be, so they compensate by being more cautious, slowing down a bit, taking training courses, and wearing better protective equipment.
Beyond physical changes, the respondents were asked how being older had affected their appreciation of riding. The most common response was that they enjoyed the scenery and environment more than when they were young. They now take the time to stop and smell the roses. In the words of one rider:
"I love to plan my touring routes for scenic value. I love mountains and forests. When riding vigorously I will often turn around and retrace a 30-40 mile stretch of road just to drink in the beauty of the scenery at a more sedate pace."
The idea of not being in a hurry was a common theme for many older riders. One sixty-seven year old rider explained why he wanted to enjoy the moment: "As an older rider you have to face the very real possibility that each ride may very well be your last, so you savor them more."
Another change that was associated with aging for these riders was a greater appreciation of the fellowship and camaraderie of motorcycling. Paradoxically, riding is a solitary, even lonely activity. Serious riders enjoy the contemplation and solitude that riding allows. And yet these people ride great distances alone to meet with fellow riders. In one rider's words: "There is very little competition for acceptance or social status. The ride and rally lifestyle is usually a pleasant experience." Or as another rider said, "We're at a point in our lives where we realize that friends are one of the most important parts of life."
Conclusions
Table I
Childhood Exposure To Motorcycles
| Group | ||||
| Life Long (n=40) | Long Break (n=39) | Adult Start (n=13) | Late Start (n=8) | |
| Response | ||||
| Little or None | 17 | 20 | 8 | 5 |
| Friend(s) | 9 | 11 | 4 | 1 |
| Family Member | 8 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| Relative | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Neighbor | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Magazines | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total Exposure | 26 | 19 | 4 | 2 |
Table 2
Factors Affecting Riding Involvement
| Group | ||
| Life Long (n=40) | Long Break (n=39) | |
| Factor Reported | ||
| Work Demands | 2 | 15 |
| Family Demands | 6 | 16 |
| Financial Pressures | 4 | 6 |
| Other Hobbies | 3 | 6 |
Table 3
Education Level by Group
| Group | ||||
| Life Long (n=40) | Long Break (n=39) | Adult Start (n=13) | Late Start (n=8) | |
| Education | ||||
| High School | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Some College | 12 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| College | 13 | 13 | 3 | 4 |
| Some Graduate | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Masters | 7 | 11 | 3 | 0 |
| Doctorate | 4 | 10 | 2 | 2 |
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Older Motorcyclists: Continuity or Change?
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December 28, 2014
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